Small-Business Preference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Small-Business Preference - Essay Example The Congress has managed to come up with some very important and exciting programs that regulate and guide use of unmanned aircrafts or rather drones. The United States law enforcing agencies have taken steps to incorporate use of domestic drones. This has greatly helped enforcing agencies improve in their surveillance capabilities within the American population and without the American population. It is important to note the fact that incorporating such drones in public life would definitely change the American public life as it is known. It is therefore wise to consider implication of unmanned aircraft presence and capabilities of these flying objects. The government must therefore be careful to ensure there is public support for these unmanned flying objects. Normally, being monitored and tracked through surveillance mechanism will cause some discomfort among the public and affect public life eventually. Because of such guidelines drone manufacturing is only limited to domestic us e in case of business related interests and not wars. Manufacturers of drones have brought forward several suggestions for consideration by the United States Homeland security department. Examples include arming the remote controlled unmanned aircrafts with weapons such as tasers tear gas or rubber bullets. Such use is limited to non lethal weapons by the law enforcement agencies. Several states have enacted laws that govern use of domestic drones offering insight to the kind of businesses that can be allowed for manufacture (New York Times, 2012). Usage limits for drones as legislated include only when warrants for their use have been issued, in emergency cases or when there is enough support to conclude its use will assist in collection of important evidence to specific criminal activities. When image collection capabilities are incorporated in the drones, such images should be saved or retained only when it will be useful as evidence. Policies guiding use of domestic drones inclu de having the public representatives and not police departments make such decisions. It also says that such policies should be clearly written and open for public use. Part of the guidelines also includes a public audit of its use and a properly instituted oversight committee to prevent misuse. Domestic weapon shouldn’t also carry lethal weapons for safety of the public in case of misuse by a rogue regime. Small-Business Programs Created By Congress and How They Benefit Remote Controlled Aircraft Manufacture Businesses Over Large Air Craft Multinational Organizations Examples of how unmanned and remote controlled aircraft have assisted law enforcement agencies include the documentation of crime scenes in western Colorado. Similar remote controlled aircraft have been used in places such as England, Kenya and South Africa to watch for poachers that are almost bringing wildlife conservation efforts to its knees. It’s also thought courier services might incorporate use of these drone to reduce business running costs by delivering mails. The movie industry will too get a boost by offering directors views only helicopters managed to capture. This is important for their work and in improving quality of their services and products (Congressional Research Service, 2012). The same kinds of planes have taken to the skies in South Africa to pursue suspected poachers seeking rhino horns. They have been tested in England and South Africa

Different techniques of spread spectrum

Different techniques of spread spectrum CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: The idea of this project is to study different techniques of spread spectrum. These techniques include the two processes of direct-sequence spread spectrum and frequency hopping spread spectrum. Both these techniques will be simulated in software called MATLAB. Also a brief mention will be there about the multiple access property of spread spectrum. This project deals with the implementation of spread spectrum using the techniques- direct sequence spread spectrum and frequency hopping spread spectrum. Spread spectrum is a new method of communication. It provides a jam-free network and prevents any kind on interference. It helps to provide immunity to channels by not allowing any kind of interference or disturbance. We will be discussing more about spread spectrum and its technique in the following chapters. The project has been divided into six chapters. The second chapter deals with spread spectrum. It starts of with the history of spread spectrum followed by a basic definition of spread spectrum. Certain characteristics of spread spectrum are discussed along with a mathematical explanation of advantage of spread spectrum over narrow band communication. It then describes the working of a spread spectrum and finally mentions how a spread spectrum can be demodulated. Chapter three describes different techniques of spread spectrum. There are four techniques of spread spectrum namely direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), chirp spread spectrum (CSSS) and time hopping spread spectrum (THSS). Each of these techniques is described, with a brief mention about its basic mechanism.A brief comparison is drawn between FHSS AND DHSS. A mathematical explanation is given for DSSS under the conditions of noise (jammer). Chapter four discusses different multiple accesses of spread spectrum. These are frequency domain multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access(TDMA) and code division multiple access(CDMA). CDMA is dealt with in a more detail manner and is presented with a mathematical explanation. Chapter five presents a MATLAB simulation of direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) and Code division multiple access (CDMA). It discusses how a signal when multiplied with a pseudo random noise and put on a frequency wave gets spread. This technique is called direct sequence spread spectrum. Also this chapter presents the MATLAB simulation of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum where four randomly carrier frequency waves are generated to form a spread spectrum and multiplied with pseudo random generator to determine the frequencies where the information has to be hopped. The information is sent in the form of a BPSK modulated signal. Also a MATLAB simulation on CDMA is presented .It basically shows how CDMA works. Three stations are taken and how they send codes through a single channel by using the property the CDMA. Finally, chapter six winds up the project with the conclusion from each chapter. It mentions in short what has been realized from this project. CHAPTER 2 SPREAD SPECTRUM 2.1 HISTORY OF SPREAD SPECTRUM This chapter talks about spread spectrum. It begins with a brief history behind spread spectrum. It also mentions about the various fields where spread spectrum is being effectively used. Certain characteristics of spread spectrum are also discussed.A basic definition of spread spectrum is discussed in this chapter which basically explains what actually spread spectrum and why is preferred over conventional wireless communication. A brief mechanism of how spread spectrum works is discussed. It also mentions the mathematical reason behind why a spread signal is an effective way to communicate. A comparison is drawn between spread spectrum transmission and fixed frequency transmission. Finally a demodulation technique is discussed mentioning about how demodulation can be achieved. Spread spectrum has become a new commercial communication technique over the past 8-9 years. However the first intentional use of Spread Spectrum came during the period of 1921-1930 by Armstrong. He had used wideband Frequency Modulation. The real use for Spread Spectrum how ever came in World War II. Both the allies and the Axis powers experimented with simple Spread Spectrum systems. The first publically patent on Spread Spectrum came from Hedy Lamarr, the Hollywood movie actress, and George Antheil, an avant gard composer. Lamarr had mentioned to Antheil about her idea for a Secret Communications System that could guide torpedoes to their target without being intercepted by the enemy. This could be done by sending messages between transmitter and receiver over multiple radio frequencies in a varied random pattern. The message would be transmitted at such a high rate that no one would be able to decode it. They sent their invention to National Inventors Council. Instead of developing the patent commercially, they gave it away to the government for the war effort. As a result of which the commercial use of Spread spectrum came many years later [1, 3, 19]. Spread Spectrum was first used for commercial purposes in the 1980s when Equatorial Communications of Mountain View used Direct Sequence for multiple access communications over synchronous satellite transponders [1]. Today, spread spectrum is being used to provide communications in a variety of commercial applications, including mobile communications and interoffice wireless communications. In the coming years hardly anyone will prevent themselves from being involved in one way or the other with spread spectrum communications as it will become an integral part of the communication world. [1, 4]. 2.2 DEFINITION OF SPREAD SPECTRUM Spread-spectrum is a technique by which electromagnetic energy produced over a particular bandwidth is spread in the frequency domain on purpose. Spread spectrum signals are used for transmission of digital information which are characterized by the fact that their bandwidth W is much greater than the information rate R in bits/sec. Hence the bandwidth expansion factor is always greater than unity. This results to provide a signal with a wider bandwidth and a lower power density. These techniques are used for a variety of reasons which include the establishment of secure communications, increasing resistance to natural interference and to limit the power flux density on satellite downlinks. Narrow band signal and spread spectrum use the same amount of power to transmit the same data. However the power density of the spread spectrum is lower as compared to narrow band and it is this property that makes spread spectrum achieve secure and jam free communication. Spread spectrum is a type of wireless communication in which the frequency of the transmitted signal is intentionally varied and changed to achieve a higher bandwidth. This results to provide a much greater bandwidth than that of the signal if its frequency was not altered [2, 5]. A spread spectrum should full fill the following requirements: 1) The message signal should undergo two modulations that produce the wideband spectrum having bandwidth much in excess of the minimum bandwidth needed to send the message. 2) The spreading ,that is the second modulation is caused by means of a spreading signal 3) The receiver should recover the message by the method of de-spreading the signal that is received by using the same spreading signal [23]. Spread spectrum is preferred over conventional wireless communication for many reasons; however there are at least a couple of problems associated with conventional wireless communication. First, a signal whose frequency is constant and not changing is subject to interference. This condition occurs when another signal is sent on, or very near to the frequency of the desired signal. Interference can be accidental (as in the case of amateur-radio communications) or it can be deliberate like during war time. Second, a constant-frequency signal is very easy to intercept or lock and reveal the information it is carrying and hence is not well preferred to applications where the information must remain confidential between the transmitter and receiver. [2]. To minimize troubles and to maintain the confidentiality of the information, transmitted signals frequency can be deliberately varied and changed over the large segment of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. This variation is done by using a specific and complicated mathematical function. This function is the most important part of the spread spectrum for maintaining the confidentiality. For intercepting the signal, the receiver must be tuned to frequencies that vary exactly to this function. The receiver must have the knowledge of the frequency-versus-time function employed by the transmitter, and must also be provided with the information about the starting-time point of the function. If someone wants to hack or intercept the spread-spectrum signal, that person must possess a transmitter that contains the information about the function and its starting-time point. The spread-spectrum function hence must be well protected for confidential information communication and it this feature of spread spectrum that helps maintaining the secrecy of information. If this function comes in the wrong hands, it can lead to the invasion of secrecy of the information [2]. 2.3 HOW SPREAD SPECTRUM WORKS Spread Spectrum uses wide band which is a noise-like signals and hence are hard to detect. These signals are also hard to lock on to or be tracked by any intruder. Spread signals are made in such a manner that their bandwidth is larger than the information they are transmitting to give them a noise like appearance, hence protecting the information it is carrying and maintain its secrecy and confidentiality [4]. Spread Spectrum signals use fast codes that have a high data rate. These codes are called Pseudo Random or Pseudo Noise codes. These are called Pseudo for the reason being that they are not real Gaussian noise [4]. Spread Spectrum transmitters possess similar transmits power levels to that of narrow band transmitters. Spread Spectrum signals are so wide hence they transmit at a much lower spectral power density which is measured in Watts per Hertz as compared to narrowband transmitters. This characteristic (lower spectral power density)gives spread signals a huge advantage in digital communication and it is this capability that is responsible for the rapid use of Spread Spectrum today [4]. The numerical advantage of wider bandwidth is obtained from the Claude Shannons equation describing channel capacity [4]. (2.1) Where; C=channel capacity of the signal, B=Bandwidth of the signal, S=signal power, and N=noise power. = (2.2) On Applying the MacLaurin series development for (2.3) is usually low for spread-spectrum applications. Assuming a noise level such that

Essay example --

The role of courts and constitutional judicial review in constitutional structures. To understand any social value or goal is important to get the pulse of a certain society but standing alone tell us nothing about law and public policy outcomes, so the central question resides on institutional choice. The answer of how can a society know the outcome of a certain policy resides on the institution chosen to best carry out the protection of that policy. The strengths and weakness of one institution versus another vary from one set of circumstances to another and will let us measure the efficiency of that particular institution. Any constitutional framework is exposed to its own society’s goals and values evolution, but seeking to revise existing constitutions or establish new ones, as well as creating new legislation, one will always be exposed to the scrutiny of its people. That scrutiny is most of the times, in democratic regimes, established by a regime of judicial review. This practice, where courts are called upon to review a legislative act in order to determine its compliance with the constitutional framework, stems from the balance aimed by the separation of powers, granting the courts the monopoly of this review for reasons of independence and transparency. In order to understand the allocation of resources in this particular institution we have to understand the link between any society goals and values and that adjudicative process chosen, having done so, we should be able to understand the factors that make a social or law and public policy issue more or less attractive for judicial revie w with a comparative institution analysis comprehensive approach. The system of constitutional judicial review is the most common ins... ...nk will always be exposed to the several factors exposed and one’s ability to manage them is decisive to any major player in the institution at stake. In the constitutional framework the same constants and variables influence the link between policy and outcome but with some striking factors being more decisive: higher threshold access cost, limited scale, and judicial independence. To effectively revise or draft new constitutions or implement new legislation regarding fundamental rights one has to always consider all this factors, only doing so it is possible to generate harmony within a society, or else there will always be a big gap between various sectors of that society. Only by recognizing the heterogeneity of a certain society one can manage the variables that compose it and be effective on addressing fundamental values or rights. Antà ³nio Pinto de Mesquita

The politics of Latino faith: Religion, identity, and urban community Essay

Historical site Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Historic sites are places well known for materials that are rich in political, cultural, military or social life history. These materials have been conserved due to their cultural heritage relevance. I have always had a sentimental longing of visiting historical sites since my childhood and out of this affection, I resolved to pay a visit to the Empire State Building.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Out of my enthusiasm, I couldn’t wait to travel all the way to the Midtown of Manhattan in the New York City where the Empire State Building, the skyscraper, is situated in. The empire state building, first established in 18th century in a farm that was owned by John Thompson stands at the height of approximately 1254 ft together with its antennae spire at its top. .I was so delighted, a building that is designed in a unique Deco style that resembles the architecture of the pre-world second war. I must confidently say that the Empire state building actually defines the personality of the city in the current epoch that we are living in. There is a culture that there is an ape that climbs to the spire under the fear of being confined by other animals but falls after being hit by planes. These distinctive features have drawn the attention of many people in many nations rendering it an historical site.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The empire state building is owned by Empire State Realty Trust with Antony Malkin being the Chief Executive Officer. . There are several TV broadcasters and FM radio stations as well. Movie actors are also popular in the Empire State Building. Overwhelming features such as the colorful antennae have led to several films being shoot in this building. King Kong is a well known movie that features the Empire State Building.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some events have occurred at the site. There was a plane crash that occurred back in 1945 whereby a pilot crashed into the Empire building after getting disoriented by fog on his way causing an explosion that led to the death of a few people as a result of the fumes that were hurtled into the building. The site is important to the politics of America in that it was established during the reign of President Herbert Hoover. Political campaigns are held in this building. Prominent political leaders regularly hold meetings in the Empire State Building. Some elections are held in the Empire State Building. Elections that led to the victory of the Republican Party candidate were held in the Empire State Building. The well known UN secretary general Ban Ki-moon made remarks at the empire state building in a campaign that aimed at putting to an end violence against women. Currently, conditions have changed; There has been invention of colorful flo odlights in l964 which has led to the lighting of the antennae spire of the Empire State Building creating room for special events. The colors brighten some seasonal events like sports (Wilson, 2008). The empire building is currently neighboring the Penn station, Madison garden square and Macy’s Herald square. However, some crises have occurred at this building. Incidences of suicides have been witnessed whereby some people throw themselves from the observatories. Some land alive others dead. Cases of shooting by gangsters were witnessed near this historical site but I can confidently affirm that these cases have been addressed and the site is peaceful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   More developments have taken place to help improve the situation of the empire state building. Improved LED lighting system has been installed into this building by a technical team lead by Malkin. This LED lighting system has led to reduction in energy consumption. The LED lighting system has led to improved economic growth in the sense that it has led to the expansion of the video and filming industries due to its overwhelming LED lighting system. Consequently, this has created job opportunities in New York improving the living standards of her people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   More so, observation decks have been developed on some floors of the Empire State Building. Tourists who pay homage to this historical site also find the interest to visit these observation decks. Tourists are guaranteed the access to these decks after buying tickets. The rooms are also rented for office as well. All this has led to improved economic growth in America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The attractive features that have drawn the attention of many people has consequently lead to the springing up of restaurants around the Empire State Building that provides food and accommodation services to the people who come to pay homage to the site This has increased job opportunities to the citizens leading to improved standards of living. Some of the restaurants that I got the privilege of having dinner in were the Monkey Bar, Salvation Taco and The Peacock. It is all joy, all fun, and quite amazing to be at the Empire State Building. References Wilson, C. E. (2008). The politics of Latino faith: Religion, identity, and urban community. New York: New York University Press. Skowronek, Stephen, & Glassman, Matthew. (2008). Formative Acts: American Politics in the Making. Univ of Pennsylvania Pr.Brewer, M. D. (2003). Relevant no more?: The Catholic/Protestant divide in American electoral politics. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books. Source document

Identity And Belonging: Skin. “We find strength where we belong” Essay

Little Mike is only five years old. Clenching onto his mother’s fingers, he stands intimidated in front of a confronting building, which is seemingly to be called his School for the next thirteen daunting years of his life. Not wanting to leave his mum, his sharp screech breaks through the usual drone of the passing crowd, accompanied by the crocodile tears trickling down his blushed cheeks. It is rather his fear of being separated from his parents which troubles him more than making new friends outside of his niche. â€Å"I can’t do it mom!† Mike roars, â€Å"I don’t want to go!† Unfortunately, his beg for mercy is unheard, or rather disregarded under his father’s order. â€Å"Mike! Get over it, you have to go now; we are freaking late for work!† Although it is expected by Mike to do what his father demands, it is his mum who unwillingly pushes him towards the School. â€Å"You’ll be fine love,† she assures Mike, â€Å" trust me.† The two words, â€Å"trust me,† strike Mike like nothing else present around him; not the School bell, not even his father’s uninterrupted rumble, yet only the two words. Mike somehow gathers the courage to defy his fears, and proceeds several steps further to the School. While the sight of his mother seems to disappear, he notices more children surrounding him, besides whom stands the principal griming at Mike. â€Å"Hey young man!† he waves. Anxious of this unknown domain, Mike bursts into tears and sprints back to his mother, â€Å"Don’t leave me, Please!† he grabs onto her hand. This, is where little Mike belongs, where he finds his strength, his family. â€Å"Enough Mike!† she says, â€Å"go out there and make some new friends!† Mike is compelled to view his parents leave him. He now feels that they have excluded him, in fact, he believes they do not love him anymore, after all, they left him all alone without considering his feelings, however deep down inside, he understands that that’s not the case; he know that his mum still loves him as much as before. Panning his attention towards his classmates, Mik e observes what they are doing. He notices a group of boys hitting a ball around a square, soon enough realising that its his favourite game of down ball. â€Å"Aye come play with us!† one of them calls out to Mike. â€Å"we need more players.† This evokes a strong sense of confidence within Mike, after all he knows he’s the king of down ball, he aces that game! And now, since he has got a chance to show off his skills, he is more than happy to join them. Mike rushes to the squares; â€Å"sure!† he utters. â€Å"Hey man what’s your name?†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mike, and you?† â€Å"I’m James, this is Dylan, that’s Andrew, and she’s Bianca. Here, you’re supposed to be in this square.† James continues. The boys start playing their game, and its not late before Mike is promoted to â€Å"Kings† from â€Å"Dunce,† neither is it late before Mike’s friends realize his skills. â€Å"Far out! Andrew he’s actually good,† Bianca compliments. While Mike pretends not to care, he is blushing, and his appreciation is clearly visible on his face. â€Å"Brah do you wanna play tomorrow?† Dylan asks, amazed of Mike’s talent. â€Å"Yeah man,† he replies, feeling much more accepted in the premises of what was once only his anxiety. It seems as if it was just a matter of minutes before Mike would find his strength in his new School and amongst his new strength, his new mates. â€Å"Mike!† his mum screams, â€Å"You forgot your lunch! Come here and get it!† â€Å"Yeah mom, wait a minute!† He shouts back â€Å"We’re nearly finished!†